Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle are the two regions where different types of medicate and opium are produced on a large scale. Golden Crescent covers Afghanistan and Pakistan. Golden Triangle includes a part of Southern China. Central Burma and parts of Thailand. Burma is playing the central role in medicate trafficking and opium cultivation and bearing the maximum disastrous cause along with its neighbouring countries. This cover likes to discuss illegal drug trade and cultivation of opium at China – Burma border and how these are threatening security of the region and Burma’s ruling military junta’s seriousness towards it.
Since 1950s opium and drugs were sources of finance for many insurgent groups in the region. With the defeat of Kuomintang forces by the Peoples’ Republic of China the Kuomintang forces migrated to Burma and established its bases there. The Kuomintang forces depended on opium and heroin production to displace on their war against the PRC. On the other side of the adjoin China used to support and provided different aids to the Communist celebrate of Burma. But with the coming of Deng Xiaoping in 1978 the Chinese policy of assistance to the CPB was withdrawn. Since then the opium production or drug trafficking became the lifeline of the CPB. In 1989 unity of the CPB was broke down and it resulted into the rise of different ethnic groups. These groups made ceasefire agreement with the then secretary command Khin Nyunt. According to the agreement they were allowed opium cultivation in return of promise not to raise arms against the junta in future. [i]Among these insurgent groups most important is the United Wa State Army which are dubbed by the U. S. State Department as the “world’s largest drug trafficking militia”. [ii]
There are different routes by which different types of medicate are distributing drugs to different parts of Burma and to other Asian countries specially China. India and Thailand. The first route begins from the Kokang and Mong Ko areas which go through Chinese border towns of Wanding. Ruili and via it reaches Kunming.[iv] The second despatch leads from Kengtung area come the border towns with Laos via Jinghong in Xishuangbanna to Kunming.” [v] Much of the amphetamines produced in Burma are shipped through Mekong river to China. [vi] There are other routes by which drugs are coming to India every year. Geographically the first receivers among Indian states are North-East Indian states. The medicate lords of these states acquire brown sugar and heroin from Sagaing area in north-west Burma to Tamu come Manipur.[vii] Moreh in Manipur is one of the international trading centres. Drugs are taken to Mizoram from there via Koley and Tiddim.[viii] Petty traders from Manipur in India go to Mandalay to buy high evaluate No.4 heroin.[ix] There are other routes also to merchandise drugs to India from Burma.
Burma is situated at the centre of all these routes since this country is the hub of poppy cultivation. It is grown in Shan. Kachin and Kayah states bordering China. Laos and Thailand.[x] Burma is the main amphetamine producer in Southeast Asia and the back up largest opium producer in the world.[xi] Ninety percent of Burma’s opium poppy production takes place in Shan express. From there it can be quickly exported to China.
In 2004 Burma produced approximately 700 million amphetamine tablets. [xii] Amphetamines produced in Burma are trafficked to the countries which are sharing adjoin with Burma. India. Bangladesh. Thailand. Laos and China. Every year Thailand receives 900 million amphetamine pills from Burma through its northern border with Burma and Laos.[xiii] But Burma does not have factories which can produce chemicals essentially needed for production of different types of drugs. Here factories in India and China undergo filled up this gap. China is the biggest producer of numerous precursor chemicals used in the make of amphetamines. [xiv] In India some companies based in Maharashtra are producer of precursor desire ephedrine.[xv] Ephedrine first penetrated Burma from China in late 1996. More ephedrine imported from India in 1998 followed by caffeine and ATS production accessories from Thailand.[xvi]
In 2006 the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabo said “at present the Sino-Myanmar adjoin area is being flooded with drugs posing a huge danger to the society and populate.” [xvii] The Sino-Burmese adjoin is flooded with populate infected with HIV and AIDS virus. Other outcome of drug trafficking are weaponization of society and go in crime related activities. According to the statistics of China the be of known medicate addicts was increased 35% from 2000 to 1.2 million by early 2005.[xviii] There is rapid move of HIV epidemics resulting from unsafe injections is well documented in countries in and around the Golden Triangle such as in Burma. China. India. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam and more recently in Indonesia [xix] In the early 1990s the outbreak of HIV epidemic began among ethnic minority community in three mountain districts along the Sino-Burma border specially among the Kachin and the Wa ethnic groups. In China the Ministry of Health reported that the first HIV/AIDS cases appeared in China in 1985 and that of as 1997 only Yunnan province has reported more than 1000 cases mostly among minorities. [xx] According to the Chinese Government’s statistics of 2001 there had been around 600,000 to 800,000 populate living with HIV/AIDS.[xxi]
In 2003 it was estimated by the Chinese government that there were 61.1% populate who were infected in HIV through drug use. [xxii] The highest rate of HIV infection is prevalent in Yunnan bordering Burma. This region is the bring forth displace of HIV epidemic in China. There virus had move among the non IDU (injecting medicate users) also.[xxiii] (Bulletins on Narcotics pg.03) IDU were the first group in which the epidemic spread of HIV was detected in China. Burma. Indonesia and Malaysia.[xxiv] (IBID) In Burma the United Nations medicate hold back create by mental act (UNDCP) and the Ministry of Health of Burma identified drug use rates among township adults of 2-25% in 1995.[xxv]
If we be at India we ordain sight the same picture. A recent report published by UNDOC there is ‘generalized epidemic’ of HIV among the injecting medicate users among the North-East Indian states. India’s northeast-Assam. Manipur. Meghalaya. Mizoram. Nagaland. Arunachal Pradesh. Sikkim. Tripura are declared as one of the high risk zones in India with close to 100,000 populate infected with HIV.[xxvi] The other neighbouring countries are also infected with this virus on a large measure.
Various measures are taken up to combat medicate trafficking and AIDS be in Sino-Burmese adjoin by China. Burma. ASEAN and some NGOs also. In 1991 an agreement was signed between China and Burma. By this agreement China was putting compel on Burma to curb medicate trafficking in their border area. In 1993 Foreign Secretary of India Dixit had a meeting with the Burmese foreign ministry U Aye where the need for cooperation in managing the common adjoin between the two countries against drug trafficking smuggling and insurgency was emphasized. [xxvii] In 1990 the Chinese authorities introduced stronger legislation and penalties including death sentences beefed up narcotics police collaborated with the (United States) medicate Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the UN Office for medicate hold back and Crime Prevention (ODCCP).[xxviii] The most important go was imposition.
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Related article:
http://burmareview.com/2007/10/06/sino-burmese-border-drug-and-aids-menace-as-a-security-threat-in-southeast-asia/
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